But as we see in hindsight, it was the end of an era, of a time, of the Victorian Age if you will, of which the Edwardians were the break-out generation. What makes Juliet Nicolson’s social history so fascinating is the break-out generation’s way of breaking out.
The upper class, the ruling class was so rich that many if not all the men didn’t even work. Nor did they lift a finger to do much else since a good 30% of the population worked for them in some form or other of domestic services. The rich owned the land, often had several houses (and castles) covering tens of thousands of income producing acres throughout the country. Much of their lives, when not in London, were shared on these fantastic estates literally living it up as much as possible trying their damnedest to avoid the boredom that comes with nothing but nothing to do but eat, sleep and breathe.
![]() | ![]() | Edward VII and Alexandra. | ![]() | King George and Queen Mary who came to the throne after the death of Edward VII were not "Edwardian" in the sense of behaving and living like so many of their contemporaries. Serious, even dour, they disapproved of much of what went on with the late King's social circles. | | ![]() |
Nicolson quotes a wife of a Liberal minister in 1911 about the upper class as “an aggregation of clever, agreeable, often loveable people trying, with desperate seriousness, to make something of a life spared the effort of wage earning.”
And from there the author takes us on a tour of those lives in the city, in the country, at the weekend house parties (which ran from Saturday to Monday) living in a luxury that is beginning to change radically, not unlike the radical changes brought about by the development of computer and digital technology to our world today.
It was the beginning of the automotive age. It was the beginning of what we now take for granted as adequate plumbing, of speed in transportation and communication. It was also the end of the Victorian era, enhanced by the late king for whom the new era was named. The Edwardians were “fast” compared to their forebears. They were the first Moderns and had nothing but time which meant for most of them generally, eating, drinking, sleeping and sex. The servants took care of the rest.
We know now that disaster would soon be upon them, but at the moment their only focus was on pleasure, pleasure and more pleasure. And Nicolson supplies us with all the details of the making, getting and carrying out that pleasure while pretending to live within the boundaries of etiquette and morality. That left a lot of room for “scandals” and hilarity.
A great deal of the social life was around the weekends in the country. With the age of Edward VII, who was Prince of Wales for the first sixty-one years of his life, pleasure was his main pursuit. He had been disallowed by his mother Queen Victoria of knowing much if anything about the work of the monarchy. She wanted it that way, having never believed that he’d make a good king, keeping everything from him right up until the very end of her sixty-four year reign. So instead the Prince, who was a very intelligent man, played and enjoyed himself, living large with wine, women and song, and cards, and travel and breakfasting, lunching and dining.
Everything was according to custom and rules, and everyone followed them. They were, on the face of it, a randy bunch. Marriages were often arranged to enhance families’ longevity and fortune. Women were required to produce heirs to carry on. And men were there to preside over it all.
Nicolson’s book is full of amusing anecdotes about the behavior of this leisure class at the end of not only greatness but its “possessions” and family fortunes, completely unaware of what lay in store. Instead, they were dealing with the vagaries of living it up and obsessing over the most irrelevant.
![]() | ![]() | The eighth Earl of Sandwich. | ![]() | Dame Nellie Melba. | ![]() | Lord Charles Beresford. | | ![]() | “….The eighth Earl of Sandwich,” Nicolson writes, “had enough time on his hands to become inordinately distressed by his female guests’ habit of lunching with their hats on. At one of his lunch parties the ladies had scarcely begun to enjoy their sole meuniere when the opera star Dame Nellie Melba, the guest of honour that day, was taken aback to see the butler, sporting a smart bowler over his black suit, approach Lord Sandwich carrying a tweed cap on his silver tray. In vengeful silence Lord Sandwich lifted the cap to his head and pulled it down over his eyebrows, glowering fiercely round the room ...”
“Saturdays-to-Mondays,” the author explains, “were a heaven sent opportunity for sex ...." The writer Arnold Bennett advised that “the most correct honeymoon is an orgy of lust, and if it isn’t it ought to be.”
And ... "In a world of marriages of convenience, one in which divorce was both expensive and ruinous to the reputation, an illicit couple was challenged to find somewhere private to take their clothes off .... At weekend houseparties, at night, the names written on cards clotted into brass holders on bedroom doors were as helpful to lovers as to the maids bringing early morning tea. Assignations confirmed by the squeeze of a hand beneath the bridge table, a whispered exchange over the candle that lit the way up the stairs, a note left (in collusion with the maids) beside the bottled water on the bedside table, or placing of a code-laden flower outside a bedroom door ensured that extra-marital sex went on with ease. Confusions occasionally occurred. Lord Charles Beresford became particularly vigilant after leaping with an exultant “Cock-a-doodle-do!” onto a darkened bed, believing it to contain his lover, only to be vigorously batted away by the much startled Bishop of Chester. At six in the morning a hand-bell rung on each of the bedroom floors gave guests time to return to their own beds before the early morning tea trays arrived."
The author present the rigors of order that accompanied this pleasured existence. For example, the women changed outfits several times a day. A weekend visit often required trunks of clothes to meet the requirements of times of the day.
“A good hour,” Nicolson writes, “was required” for the ladies “for the evening toilette since the fashionable brilliant white skin was achieved with the help of liquid creams and white rice powder, while to indicate sensitivity the naturally bluish-violet veins at neck, temple and cleavage were emphasized with a blue crayon. Elderflowers berries or a cork singed in the flame of a candle darkened eyebrows and eyelashes .... The Daily Sketch printed a series of photographs from an American magazine under the heading ‘Decoys fore the Affections: Beauty’s Artful Aids .... devices to enhance the appearance. Such as: a tightly-wrapped leather chin brace that resembled a dislodged muzzle or a miniature feeding trough hat had slipped to far below the mouth – all to suppress a double chin.
“Wavy locks were created nightly with curling tongs, straight hair being thought to indicate obstinacy. False braids, or chignons known as “rats” were often added, though they only stayed in place properly on rather grubby, sticky hair. Small Silver rings clamped into the nipples deepened, enhanced and raised the cleavage by providing a sort of ledge on which the evening gown rested precariously. Fresh flowers – a carnation or gardenia for a man, a spray of stephanotis for a woman, provided by the Belvoir (pronounced Beever, the castle of the Duke of Rutland) greenhouses and brought round on a silver tray by a servant -- gave the finishing touch." |